Current source Totally Explained

Everything about Current Source totally explained

A current source is an electrical or electronic device that delivers or absorbs electric current. A current source is the dual of a voltage source. Figure 1 shows a schematic for an ideal current source driving a resistor load.

Ideal current sources

In circuit theory, an ideal current source is a circuit element where the current through it's independent of the voltage across it. It is a mathematical model, which real devices can only approach in performance. If the current through an ideal current source can be specified independently of any other variable in a circuit, it's called an independent current source. Conversely, if the current through an ideal current source is determined by some other voltage or current in a circuit, it's called a dependent or controlled current source. Symbols for these sources are shown in Figure 2.
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of cells

An independent current source with zero current is identical to an ideal open circuit. For this reason, the internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite. The voltage across an ideal current source is completely determined by the circuit it's connected to. When connected to a short circuit, there's zero voltage and thus zero power delivered. When connected to a load resistance, the voltage across the source approaches infinity as the load resistance approaches infinity (an open circuit). Thus, an ideal current source could supply unlimited power forever and so would represent an unlimited source of energy. Connecting an ideal open circuit to an ideal non-zero current source isn't valid in circuit analysis as the circuit equation would be paradoxical, for example, 5 = 0.
No real current source is ideal (no unlimited energy sources exist) and all have a finite internal resistance (none can supply unlimited voltage). However, the internal resistance of a physical current source is effectively modeled in circuit analysis by combining a non-zero resistance in parallel with an ideal current source (the Norton equivalent circuit).

Physical current sources

Resistor current source

The simplest current source consists of a voltage source in series with a resistor. The current available from such a source is given by the ratio of the voltage across the voltage source to the resistance of the resistor. For a nearly ideal current source, the value of this resistor should be very large but this implies that, for a specified current, the voltage source must be very large. Thus, efficiency is low (due to power loss in the resistor) and it's usually impractical to construct a 'good' current source this way. Nonetheless, it's often the case that such a circuit will provide adequate performance when the specified current and load resistance are small. For example, a 5V voltage source in series with a 4.7k resistor will provide an approximately constant current of 1mA (±5%) to a load resistance in the range of 50 to 450 ohms.

Active current sources

Active current sources have many important applications in electronic circuits. Current sources are often used in place of resistors in analog integrated circuits to generate a current without causing attenuation at a point in the signal path to which the current source is attached. The collector of a bipolar transistor, the drain of a field effect transistor, or the plate of a vacuum tube naturally behave as current sources (or sinks) when properly connected to an external source of energy (such as a power supply) because the output impedance of these devices is naturally high when used in the current source configuration.

JFET and N-FET current source

A JFET can be made to act as a current source by tying its gate to its source. The current then flowing is the I_DSS of the FET. These can be purchased with this connection already made and in this case the devices are called current regulator diodes or constant current diodes or current limiting diodes (CLD). An enhancement mode N channel MOSFET can be used in the circuits listed below.

Simple transistor current source

Figure 3 shows a typical constant current source (CCS). DZ1 is a zener diode which, when reverse biased (as shown in the circuit) has a constant voltage drop across it irrespective of the current flowing through it. Thus, as long as the zener current (I_Z) is above a certain level (called holding current), the voltage across the zener diode (V_Z) will be constant. Resistor R1 supplies the zener current and the base current (I_B) of NPN transistor (Q1). The constant zener voltage is applied across the base of Q1 and emitter resistor R2. The operation of the circuit is as follows:
Voltage across R2 (V_R2) is given by V_Z - V_BE, where V_BE is the base-emitter drop of Q1. The emitter current of Q1 which is also the current through R2 is given by

I_

, where I_D is the LED current.

Feedback

Another common method is to use feedback to set the current and remove the dependence on the Vbe of the transistor. Figure 6 shows a very common approach using an op amp with the non-inverting input connected to a voltage source (such as the Zener in an above example) and the inverting input connected to the same node as the resistor and emitter of the transistor. This way the generated voltage is across the resistor, rather than both the resistor and transistor. (For details, see the article on the ideal op amp - the nullor.) The article on current mirror discusses another example of these so-called gain-boosted current mirrors.

Current mirror

Feedback also is used in the . Feedback is a basic feature in some current mirrors using multiple transistors, such as the Widlar current source and the Wilson current source.

Other practical sources

In the case of opamp circuits sometimes it's desired to inject a precisely known current to the inverting input (as an offset of signal input for instance) and a resistor connected between the source voltage and the inverting input will approximate an ideal current source with value V/R.

Inductor type current source

Amongst other applications, the circuit of Figure 7 using the LM317 voltage regulator is used to present a source of constant current in Class E (switching) electronic amplifiers.

High voltage current sources

A Van de Graaff generator behaves as a current source because of its very high output voltage coupled with its very high output resistance and so it supplies the same few microamperes at any output voltage up to hundreds of thousands of volts (or even tens of megavolts) for large laboratory versions.

Current and voltage source comparison

Most sources of electrical energy (mains electricity, a battery, ...) are best modeled as voltage sources. Such sources provide constant voltage, which means that as long as the amount of current drawn from the source is within the source's capabilities, its output voltage stays constant. An ideal voltage source provides no energy when it's loaded by an open circuit (for example an infinite impedance), but approaches infinite energy and current when the load resistance approaches zero (a short circuit). Such a theoretical device would have a zero ohm output impedance in series with the source. A real-world voltage source has a very low, but non-zero output impedance: often much less than 1 ohm.
   Conversely, a current source provides a constant current, as long as the load connected to the source terminals has sufficiently low impedance. An ideal current source would provide no energy to a short circuit and approach infinite energy and voltage as the load resistance approaches infinity (an open circuit). An ideal current source has an infinite output impedance in parallel with the source. A real-world current source has a very high, but finite output impedance. In the case of transistor current sources, impedances of a few megohms (at DC) are typical.
   An ideal current source can't be connected to an ideal open circuit. Nor an ideal voltage source to an ideal short circuit, since this would be equivalent to declaring that "5 is equal to 0".
   Because no ideal sources of either variety exist (all real-world examples have finite and non-zero source impedance), any current source can be considered as a voltage source with the same source impedance and vice versa. These concepts are dealt with by Norton's and Thévenin's theorems.

References and notes

Further Information

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